![]() ![]() She helped develop public health services, and maternal and child health program and other medical programs, in countries requesting World Health Organization assistance, and promoted the cooperative relationship between World Health Organization and UNICEF: she helped set up, and served on, the joint health committee of the two organizations. She was the only woman to sign the document creating World Health Organization at the International Health Conference of 1946. Eliot served as the official United States representative to various international health conferences. The more detailed Children's Bureau material dates from the 1950s and includes the above categories as well as material about juvenile delinquency. There are some folders on Social Security Act legislation (after 1938) and on Children's Bureau appropriations and reorganization for the 1930s and 1940s. Eliot's wartime work for nutrition is documented, but there are only three folders-plus several articles and speeches-on Emergency Maternity and Infant Care program. Eliot's role in originating the Social Security Act is not documented most of the material from the 1930s concerns the Technical Committee on Medical Care and the National Health Conference of 1938. For example, while this collection does include Eliot's articles on rickets, it contains no information on the Sheppard-Towner maternity program of the 1920s. Eliot's Children's Bureau career from these years (1924-1945) is in the National Archives. During World War II she supervised the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care (EMIC) program and worked on nutrition for war-torn countries. As head of the Children's Bureau's health and medical services she helped develop the maternal and child health (MCH) and crippled children's programs under the Social Security Act. Eliot conducted pioneering research on the prevention and control of rickets and wrote a revision of the government's best-selling Infant Care. Of particular importance in this collection are 10 childhood letters and 15 folders of letters from Eliot to her parents (1914-1928), most of them written during her years of medical training. Active in numerous professional and service organizations, she headed the Massachusetts Committee on Children and Youth (MCCY) for ten years until retiring in 1970. After retiring as Chief of the Children's Bureau, she became Professor of Maternal and Child Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, a post she held until 1960. She helped found the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), of which she was Assistant Director-General, 1949-1951. ![]() Eliot was associated with the Children's Bureau, which she joined in 1924, for over 30 years, serving as Chief from 1951 to 1956. Louis, and in New Haven, where she also taught at Yale University School of Medicine (1921-1935). After graduation from Radcliffe College (1913) and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (1918), she held internships and/or residencies in Boston, St. Martha May Eliot, pediatrician, fourth Chief of the Children's Bureau, national and international child health expert and advocate, was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, on April 7, 1891. ![]()
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